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The durability and strength of concrete are primarily influenced by the water-to-cement ratio, which is critical in the concrete mixing process. Water plays a vital role in the chemical reaction known as hydration, where cement reacts to water to form a rigid structure. The amount of water used in the mix defines how effectively the cement can bond with the aggregates, impacting the overall integrity of the final product.

A lower water content typically leads to a denser and stronger concrete mix, whereas too much water can weaken the mix by creating larger voids and lowering the density, thereby compromising strength and durability. The ideal balance of water allows for optimal hydration and essentially enhances the concrete's properties, making it a key factor in determining its overall performance.

While cement, additives, and the characteristics of aggregates are significant to concrete's properties, the water used in the mixture stands out as the primary factor directly influencing the concrete's strength and durability.